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STUDY TYPES & ANALYTICS

Study Types & Evidence Levels

Guide to Evidence Based Practice from Duke University

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Wikipedia

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Harvard School of Public Health

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Analytics

Wikipedia Statistical Significance

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Wikipedia p-value

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NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES

US Office of Disease Prevention & Health Promotion

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US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

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World Health Organization (WHO)

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WHO Red Meat Q&A

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I have mixed feelings about placing guidelines on my site because overall I think organizations have done a very poor job of educating, marketing & promoting nutritional guidelines that are understandable & easy to follow.

CITATIONS

Red Meat & Colon Cancer

  1. Willett, Walter C., et al. "Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women." New England Journal of Medicine 323.24 (1990): 1664-1672.

  2. Bostick, Roberd M., et al. "Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States)." Cancer Causes & Control 5.1 (1994): 38-52.

  3. Kato, Ikuko, et al. "Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study." (1997): 276-281.

  4. Järvinen, R., et al. "Dietary fat, cholesterol and colorectal cancer in a prospective study." British journal of cancer 85.3 (2001): 357.

  5. Fraser, Gary E. "Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists." The American journal of clinical nutrition 70.3 (1999): 532s-538s.

  6. Chen, Jia, et al. "A prospective study of N-acetyltransferase genotype, red meat intake, and risk of colorectal cancer." Cancer research 58.15 (1998): 3307-3311.

  7. Wei, Esther K., et al. "Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer." International journal of cancer 108.3 (2004): 433-442.

  8. Tiemersma, Edine W., et al. "Meat consumption, cigarette smoking, and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of colorectal cancer: results from a Dutch prospective study." Cancer Causes & Control 13.4 (2002): 383-393.

  9. Singh, Pramil N., and Gary E. Fraser. "Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population." American Journal of Epidemiology 148.8 (1998): 761-774.

  10. Giovannucci, Edward, et al. "Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men." Cancer research 54.9 (1994): 2390-2397.

  11. Larsson, Susanna C., et al. "Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: the Swedish Mammography Cohort." International journal of cancer 113.5 (2005): 829-834.

  12. Norat, Teresa, et al. "Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition." Journal of the national cancer institute 97.12 (2005): 906-916.

  13. Pietinen, Pirjo, et al. "Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men." Cancer Causes & Control 10.5 (1999): 387-396.

  14. English, Dallas R., et al. "Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 13.9 (2004): 1509-1514.

  15. Smolinska, Katarzyna, and Piotr Paluszkiewicz. "Risk of colorectal cancer in relation to frequency and total amount of red meat consumption. Systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of Medical Science 6.4 (2010): 605-610.

  16. Bastide, Nadia M., Fabrice HF Pierre, and Denis E. Corpet. "Heme iron from meat and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and a review of the mechanisms involved." Cancer prevention research 4.2 (2011): 177-184.

  17. Egeberg, Rikke, et al. "Associations between red meat and risks for colon and rectal cancer depend on the type of red meat consumed." The Journal of nutrition 143.4 (2013): 464-472.

  18. Hjartåker, Anette, et al. "Subsite-specific dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer: a review of cohort studies." Journal of oncology 2013 (2013).

  19. McCullough, Marjorie L., et al. "Association between red and processed meat intake and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013): JCO-2013.

  20. Chan, D. S., et al. "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies." PloS one 6.6 (2011): e20456.

Red Meat, Breast Cancer & Other Cancers

  1. De Stefani, Eduardo, et al. "Meat intake, heterocyclic amines, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 6.8 (1997): 573-581.

  2. Missmer, Stacey A., et al. "Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies." International journal of epidemiology 31.1 (2002): 78-85.

  3. Cho, Eunyoung, et al. "Red meat intake and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women." Archives of internal medicine 166.20 (2006): 2253-2259.

  4. Steck, Susan E., et al. "Cooked meat and risk of breast cancer—lifetime versus recent dietary intake." Epidemiology 18.3 (2007): 373-382.

  5. Pala, Valeria, et al. "Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort." The American journal of clinical nutrition 90.3 (2009): 602-612.

  6. Ferrucci, L. M., et al. "Intake of meat, meat mutagens, and iron and the risk of breast cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial." British journal of cancer 101.1 (2009): 178-184.

  7. Alexander, Dominik D., et al. "A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer." Nutrition research reviews 23.02 (2010): 349-365.

  8. Genkinger, Jeanine M., et al. "Consumption of dairy and meat in relation to breast cancer risk in the Black Women’s Health Study." Cancer Causes & Control 24.4 (2013): 675-684.

  9. Farvid, Maryam S., et al. "Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence: prospective cohort study." BMJ 348 (2014).

  10. Marmot, Michael, et al. "Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective." (2007).

  11. Update: World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 2007

Red Meat & Heart Disease

  1. Pan, An, et al. "Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies." Archives of internal medicine 172.7 (2012): 555-563.

  2. Larsson, Susanna C., and Nicola Orsini. "Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis." American journal of epidemiology (2013): kwt261.

  3. Haring, Bernhard, et al. "Dietary Protein Intake and Coronary Heart Disease in a Large Community Based Cohort: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." (2014): e109552.

  4. Abete, Itziar, et al. "Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 112.05 (2014): 762-775.

  5. Kaluza, Joanna, Agneta Åkesson, and Alicja Wolk. "Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure Prospective Study of Men." Circulation: Heart Failure 7.4 (2014): 552-557.

  6. Wang, Xia, et al. "Red and processed meat consumption and mortality: dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies." Public health nutrition (2015): 1-13.

  7. Lippi, Giuseppe, Camilla Mattiuzzi, and Fabian Sanchis Gomar. "Red meat consumption and ischemic heart disease. A systematic literature review." Meat Science (2015).

  8. Tuso, Phillip, Scott R. Stoll, and William W. Li. "A plant-based diet, atherogenesis, and coronary artery disease prevention." The Permanente Journal 19.1 (2015): 62.

Nuts

  1. Sabate, Joan, et al. "Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men." New England Journal of Medicine 328.9 (1993): 603-607.

  2. Sauder, Katherine A., et al. "Effects of pistachios on the lipid/lipoprotein profile, glycemic control, inflammation, and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial." Metabolism 64.11 (2015): 1521-1529.

  3. Banel, Deirdre K., and Frank B. Hu. "Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review." The American journal of clinical nutrition 90.1 (2009): 56-63.

  4. Rajaram, Sujatha, et al. "A monounsaturated fatty acid–rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women." The Journal of nutrition 131.9 (2001): 2275-2279.Curb, J. David, et al. "Serum lipid effects of a high–monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts." Archives of Internal Medicine 160.8 (2000): 1154-1158.

  5. Spiller, Gene A., et al. "Nuts and plasma lipids: an almond-based diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17.3 (1998): 285-290.

  6. Sabaté, Joan, Keiji Oda, and Emilio Ros. "Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials." Archives of internal medicine 170.9 (2010): 821-827.

  7. Sabaté, Joan, et al. "Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial." The American journal of clinical nutrition 77.6 (2003): 1379-1384.

  8. Jamshed, Humaira, and Anwar H. Gilani. "Almonds Inhibit Dyslipidemia and Vascular Dysfunction in Rats through Multiple Pathways." The Journal of nutrition 144.11 (2014): 1768-1774.

  9. Berryman, Claire E., et al. "Effects of Daily Almond Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk and Abdominal Adiposity in Healthy Adults With Elevated LDL‐Cholesterol: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Heart Association 4.1 (2015): e000993.

  10. Lovejoy, Jennifer C., et al. "Effect of diets enriched in almonds on insulin action and serum lipids in adults with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes." The American journal of clinical nutrition 76.5 (2002): 1000-1006.

  11. Li, Sing-Chung, et al. "Almond consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Metabolism 60.4 (2011): 474-479.

  12. Jenkins, David JA, et al. "Effect of almonds on insulin secretion and insulin resistance in nondiabetic hyperlipidemic subjects: a randomized controlled crossover trial." Metabolism 57.7 (2008): 882-887.

  13. Wien, M. A., et al. "Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program." International journal of obesity 27.11 (2003): 1365-1372.

  14. Jackson, Chandra L., and Frank B. Hu. "Long-term associations of nut consumption with body weight and obesity." The American journal of clinical nutrition 100.Supplement 1 (2014): 408S-411S.

  15. Foster, Gary D., et al. "A randomized trial of the effects of an almond-enriched, hypocaloric diet in the treatment of obesity." The American journal of clinical nutrition 96.2 (2012): 249-254.

  16. Tan, S. Y., and R. D. Mattes. "Appetitive, dietary and health effects of almonds consumed with meals or as snacks: a randomized, controlled trial." European journal of clinical nutrition 67.11 (2013): 1205-1214.

  17. Abazarfard, Zohreh, Mousa Salehi, and Sareh Keshavarzi. "The effect of almonds on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program: A randomized controlled clinical trial." Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 19.5 (2014): 457.

  18. Vinson, Joe A., and Yuxing Cai. "Nuts, especially walnuts, have both antioxidant quantity and efficacy and exhibit significant potential health benefits." Food & function 3.2 (2012): 134-140.

  19. Rajaram, Sujatha, Kristianne M. Connell, and Joan Sabaté. "Effect of almond-enriched high-monounsaturated fat diet on selected markers of inflammation: a randomised, controlled, crossover study." British journal of nutrition 103.06 (2010): 907-912.

  20. Poulose, Shibu M., Marshall G. Miller, and Barbara Shukitt-Hale. "Role of walnuts in maintaining brain health with age." The journal of nutrition 144.4 (2014): 561S-566S.

  21. Bolling, Bradley W., et al. "Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts." Nutrition research reviews 24.02 (2011): 244-275.

  22. Davis, Paul A., et al. "Tree nut and peanut consumption in relation to chronic and metabolic diseases including allergy." The Journal of nutrition 138.9 (2008): 1757S-1762S.

  23. Ellsworth, J. L., L. H. Kushi, and A. R. Folsom. "Frequent nut intake and risk of death from coronary heart disease and all causes in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study." Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases: NMCD 11.6 (2001): 372-377.

  24. Albert, Christine M., et al. "Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians' Health Study." Archives of Internal Medicine 162.12 (2002): 1382-1387.

  25. Hshieh, Tammy T., et al. "Nut consumption and risk of mortality in the Physicians’ Health Study." The American journal of clinical nutrition 101.2 (2015): 407-412.

  26. Bao, Ying, et al. "Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality." New England Journal of Medicine 369.21 (2013): 2001-2011.

  27. Lim, Stephen S., et al. "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010." The lancet 380.9859 (2013): 2224-2260.

Fruits & Vegetables

  1. Davis, Matthew A., Julie PW Bynum, and Brenda E. Sirovich. "Association Between Apple Consumption and Physician Visits: Appealing the Conventional Wisdom That an Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." JAMA internal medicine 175.5 (2015): 777-783.

  2. Lim, Stephen S., et al. "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010." The lancet 380.9859 (2013): 2224-2260.

  3. Moore, Latetia V., and Frances E. Thompson. "Adults Meeting Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations—United States, 2013." MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 64.26 (2015): 709-713.

  4.  “State of the Plate, 2015 Study on America’s Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables,” Produce for a Better Health Foundation, 2015.

  5. Steffen, Lyn M., et al. "Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 383-390.

  6. Genkinger, Jeanine M., et al. "Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intake and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in a community-dwelling population in Washington County, Maryland." American journal of epidemiology 160.12 (2004): 1223-1233.

  7. Agudo, Antonio, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain)." The American journal of clinical nutrition 85.6 (2007): 1634-1642.

  8. Okuda, Nagako, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japan: a 24-year follow-up of the NIPPON DATA80 Study." European journal of clinical nutrition (2015).

  9. Leenders, Max, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake and cause-specific mortality in the EPIC study." European journal of epidemiology 29.9 (2014): 639-652.

  10. Oyebode, Oyinlola, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality: analysis of Health Survey for England data."Journal of epidemiology and community health (2014): jech-2013.

  11. Leenders, Max, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition." American journal of epidemiology (2013): kwt006.

  12. Aasheim, Erlend T., et al. "Tinned Fruit Consumption and Mortality in Three Prospective Cohorts." PloS one 10.2 (2015).

  13. Stefler, Denes, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality in Eastern Europe: Longitudinal results from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe study." European journal of preventive cardiology (2015): 2047487315582320.

  14. Nöthlings, Ute, et al. "Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population." The Journal of nutrition 138.4 (2008): 775-781.

  15. Lai, Heidi Tsz Mung, et al. "Fruit intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in the UK Women’s Cohort Study." European journal of epidemiology 30.9 (2015): 1035-1048.

  16. Tucker, Katherine L., et al. "The combination of high fruit and vegetable and low saturated fat intakes is more protective against mortality in aging men than is either alone: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging." The Journal of nutrition 135.3 (2005): 556-561.

  17. Crowe, Francesca L., et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Heart study." European Heart Journal 32.10 (2011): 1235-1243.

  18. Wang, Xia, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies." bmj 349 (2014): g4490.

  19. Crowe, Francesca L. "Fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality." Evidence Based Medicine(2014): ebmed-2014.

  20. Marmot, Michael, et al. "Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective." (2007).

  21. Williams, Paul T. "Lower risk of Alzheimer's disease mortality with exercise, statin, and fruit intake." Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 44.4 (2015): 1121-1129.

  22. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. "Dried plums and their products: composition and health effects–an updated review." Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 53.12 (2013): 1277-1302.

  23. Liu, Rui Hai. "Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals." The American journal of clinical nutrition 78.3 (2003): 517S-520S.

  24. Anderson, J. W., and S. R. Bridges. "Dietary fiber content of selected foods." The American journal of clinical nutrition 47.3 (1988): 440-447.

  25. Conlin, Paul R., et al. "The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial." American journal of hypertension 13.9 (2000): 949-955.

  26. Atkinson, Fiona S., Kaye Foster-Powell, and Jennie C. Brand-Miller. "International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008."Diabetes care 31.12 (2008): 2281-2283.

 

Coffee

  1. Crippa, Alessio, et al. "Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis."American journal of epidemiology (2014): kwu194.

  2. O'Keefe, James H., et al. "Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality."Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62.12 (2013): 1043-1051.

  3. Kim, Soo Young. "Coffee Consumption and Risk of Osteoporosis." Korean journal of family medicine 35.1 (2014): 1-1.

  4. Hallström, Helena, et al. "Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in a cohort of Swedish women." Osteoporosis international 17.7 (2006): 1055-1064.

  5. Yang, Pei, et al. "Associations between frequency of coffee consumption and osteoporosis in Chinese postmenopausal women." International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 8.9 (2015): 15958.

  6. Engstrom, Krysthel. "Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: What Should We Tell Our Patients?." Editorial Staff (2015): 34.

  7. Yudko, Errol, and Shannon Irena McNiece. "Relationship Between Coffee Use and Depression and Anxiety in a Population of Adult Polysubstance Abusers." Journal of addiction medicine 8.6 (2014): 438-442.

  8. Saito, Eiko, et al. "Association of coffee intake with total and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study." The American journal of clinical nutrition (2015): ajcn104273.

  9. Freedman, Neal D., et al. "Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality." New England Journal of Medicine 366.20 (2012): 1891-1904.

  10. Je, Youjin, and Edward Giovannucci. "Coffee consumption and total mortality: a meta-analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 111.07 (2014): 1162-1173.

  11. Malerba, Stefano, et al. "A meta-analysis of prospective studies of coffee consumption and mortality for all causes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases." European journal of epidemiology 28.7 (2013): 527-539.

  12. Liu, Junxiu, et al. "Association of coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality." Mayo clinic proceedings. Vol. 88. No. 10. Elsevier, 2013.

  13. Löf, Marie, et al. "Prospective study of coffee consumption and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in Swedish women." European journal of epidemiology 30.9 (2015): 1027-1034.

  14. van Dusseldorp, Marijke, et al. "Effect of decaffeinated versus regular coffee on blood pressure. A 12-week, double-blind trial." Hypertension 14.5 (1989): 563-569.

  15. Ding, Ming, et al. "Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis." Diabetes care 37.2 (2014): 569-586.

  16. Huxley, Rachel, et al. "Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis." Archives of internal medicine 169.22 (2009): 2053-2063.

  17. McCusker, Rachel R., et al. "Caffeine content of decaffeinated coffee."Journal of analytical toxicology 30.8 (2006): 611-613.

  18. Jiang, Xiubo, Dongfeng Zhang, and Wenjie Jiang. "Coffee and caffeine intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective studies." European journal of nutrition 53.1 (2014): 25-38.

  19. Jiang, Wenjie, Yili Wu, and Xiubo Jiang. "Coffee and caffeine intake and breast cancer risk: an updated dose–response meta-analysis of 37 published studies." Gynecologic oncology 129.3 (2013): 620-629.

  20. Muley, Arti, Prasad Muley, and Monali Shah. "Coffee to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?: a systematic review." Current diabetes reviews 8.3 (2012): 162-168.

  21. Mostofsky, Elizabeth, et al. "Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure a dose-response meta-analysis." Circulation: Heart Failure 5.4 (2012): 401-405.

  22. Ding, Ming, et al. "Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies." Circulation (2013): CIRCULATIONAHA-113.

  23. Mesas, Arthur Eumann, et al. "The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The American journal of clinical nutrition (2011): ajcn-016667.

  24. Je, Youjin, and Edward Giovannucci. "Coffee consumption and total mortality: a meta-analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 111.07 (2014): 1162-1173.

  25. Gómez-Ruiz JA, Leake DS, Ames JM. In vitro antioxidant activity of coffee compounds and their metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:6962-9. [Erratum, J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:8284.]

  26. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Qi L, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:888-93.

  27. Arion WJ, Canfield WK, Ramos FC, et al. Chlorogenic acid and hydroxynitrobenzaldehyde: new inhibitors of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997;339:315-22.

  28. Huxley R, Lee CM, Barzi F, et al. Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:2053-63.

  29. Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction: report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Lancet 1972;2:1278-81.

  30. Jick H, Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Shapiro S, Heinonen OP, Slone D. Coffee and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1973;289:63-7.

  31. Jee SH, He J, Appel LJ, et al. Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:353-62.

  32. Noordzij M, Uiterwaal CS, Arends LR, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2005;23:921-8.

  33. Hartley TR, Lovallo WR, Whitsett TL. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(8):1022–1026.

  34. Rebello SA, van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health: getting to the heart of the matter. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013;15(10):403.

  35. van Dam RM, Feskens EJM. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 2002;360(9344):1477–1478.

  36. Kempf K, Herder C, Erlund I, et al. Effects of coffee consumption on subclinical inflammation and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):950–957.

  37. Yu X, Bao Z, Zou J, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of cancers: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:96.

  38. Liu H, Yao K, Zhang W, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:776–783

  39. Parras, P., et al. "Antioxidant capacity of coffees of several origins brewed following three different procedures." Food chemistry 102.3 (2007): 582-592.

  40. Niseteo, Tena, et al. "Bioactive composition and antioxidant potential of different commonly consumed coffee brews affected by their preparation technique and milk addition." Food chemistry 134.4 (2012): 1870-1877.

  41. Sánchez-González, I., A. Jiménez-Escrig, and F. Saura-Calixto. "In vitro antioxidant activity of coffees brewed using different procedures (Italian, espresso and filter)." Food Chemistry 90.1 (2005): 133-139.

  42. Delgado-Andrade, Cristina, José A. Rufián-Henares, and Francisco J. Morales. "Assessing the antioxidant activity of melanoidins from coffee brews by different antioxidant methods." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53.20 (2005): 7832-7836.

Tea

  1. Bhatti, Salman K., James H. O’Keefe, and Carl J. Lavie. "Coffee and tea: perks for health and longevity?." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 16.6 (2013): 688-697.

  2. Watanabe, Yoshiyuki, et al. "Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women." (2009).

  3. Wolfram, Swen. "Effects of green tea and EGCG on cardiovascular and metabolic health." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26.4 (2007): 373S-388S.

  4. Saito, Eiko, et al. "Association of green tea consumption with mortality due to all causes and major causes of death in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study)." Annals of epidemiology (2015).

  5. Hartley, Louise, et al. "Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6.6 (2013).

  6. Liu, Kai, et al. "Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials." The American journal of clinical nutrition 98.2 (2013): 340-348.

  7. Cabrera, Carmen, Reyes Artacho, and Rafael Giménez. "Beneficial effects of green tea—a review." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25.2 (2006): 79-99.

  8. Yarmolinsky, James, Giorgia Gon, and Phil Edwards. "Effect of tea on blood pressure for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Nutrition Reviews73.4 (2015): 236-246.

  9. Liu, Gang, et al. "Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials." British Journal of Nutrition 112.07 (2014): 1043-1054.

  10. Onakpoya, I., et al. "The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials."Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 24.8 (2014): 823-836.

  11. Bøhn, Siv K., et al. "Effects of tea and coffee on cardiovascular disease risk." Food & function 3.6 (2012): 575-591.

  12. Zhang, Chi, et al. "Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies." European journal of epidemiology 30.2 (2014): 103-113.

Saturated Fat

  1. Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A. Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart

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  3. Mensink, R.P., et al., Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 77(5): p. 1146-55.

  4. Appel, L.J., et al., Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA, 2005. 294(19): p. 2455-64.

  5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.o.H.a.H.S., Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 2010.

  6. Lichtenstein, A.H., et al., Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation, 2006. 114(1): p. 82-96.

  7. Institute, N.C., Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods: Table 1. Top Food Sources of Saturated Fat among U.S. Population, 2005–2006. NHANES.

  8. Siri-Tarino, P.W., et al., Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 2010. 91(3): p. 535-46.

  9. Micha, R. and D. Mozaffarian, Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids, 2010. 45(10): p. 893-905.

  10. Astrup, A., et al., The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: where does the evidence stand in 2010? Am J Clin Nutr, 2011. 93(4): p. 684-8.

  11. Riserus, U., W.C. Willett, and F.B. Hu, Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res, 2009. 48(1): p. 44-51.

  12. Mozaffarian, D., et al., Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 2006. 354(15): p. 1601-13.

  13. Mozaffarian, D., et al., Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004. 79(4): p. 606-12.

  14. Allison, D.B., et al., Estimated intakes of trans fatty and other fatty acids in the US population. J Am Diet Assoc, 1999. 99(2): p. 166-74; quiz 175-6.

  15. Vesper, H.W., et al., Levels of plasma trans-fatty acids in non-Hispanic white adults in the United States in 2000 and 2009. JAMA, 2012. 307(6): p. 562-3.

  16. Mozaffarian, D., M.F. Jacobson, and J.S. Greenstein, Food reformulations to reduce trans fatty acids. N Engl J Med, 2010. 362(21): p. 2037-9.

  17. Farvid MS, Ding M, Pan A, Sun Q, Chiuve SE, Steffen LM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary Linoleic Acid and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Circulation, 2014.disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65:773-83.

  18. Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB. Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans—a

  19. quantitative review. PLoS One 2010;5:e9434.

  20. Sebregts, Ellen H., et al. "Cholesterol changes in coronary patients after a short behavior modification program." International journal of behavioral medicine 10.4 (2003): 315-330.

  21. Malhotra, Aseem. "Author’s reply to Lichtenstein, Tedstone and Pyne, Mann and colleagues, Lim, and Clifton." (2013): f6855.

  22. de Souza, Russell J., et al. "Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies." (2015): h3978.

  23. Prospective Studies Collaboration. "Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths." The Lancet 370.9602 (2007): 1829-1839.

  24. Schwingshackl, Lukas, and Georg Hoffmann. "Dietary fatty acids in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression." BMJ open 4.4 (2014): e004487.

  25. Blekkenhorst, Lauren C., et al. "Dietary saturated fat intake and atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality in elderly women: a prospective cohort study." The American journal of clinical nutrition 101.6 (2015): 1263-1268.

  26. Orsavova, Jana, et al. "Fatty acids composition of vegetable oils and its contribution to dietary energy intake and dependence of cardiovascular mortality on dietary intake of fatty acids." International journal of molecular sciences 16.6 (2015): 12871-12890.

  27. Ebbesson, Sven OE, et al. "Fatty acids linked to cardiovascular mortality are associated with risk factors." International journal of circumpolar health 74 (2015).

  28. McCarthy, Michael. "US guideline may drop cholesterol limits but keep link between dietary saturated fats and trans fats and heart disease." BMJ 350 (2015): h835.

  29. Puaschitz, Nathalie Genevieve, et al. "Dietary intake of saturated fat is not associated with risk of coronary events or mortality in patients with established coronary artery disease." The Journal of nutrition 145.2 (2015): 299-305.

  30. Mozaffarian, Dariush, Renata Micha, and Sarah Wallace. "Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." PLoS Med 7.3 (2010): e1000252.

  31. Lim, Danny CG. "Sugar, not fat, is the culprit." BMJ 347 (2013).

  32. O’Sullivan, Therese A., et al. "Food sources of saturated fat and the association with mortality: a meta-analysis." American journal of public health 103.9 (2013): e31-e42.

  33. Micha, Renata, et al. "Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys." Bmj 348 (2014): g2272.

  34. Mann, Jim, Rachael McLean, and Lisa Te Morenga. "Evidence favours an association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease." BMJ 347 (2013): f6851.

  35. Nagata, Chisato, et al. "Total fat intake is associated with decreased mortality in Japanese men but not in women." The Journal of nutrition 142.9 (2012): 1713-1719.

  36. Mensink, Ronald P., et al. "Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials." The American journal of clinical nutrition 77.5 (2003): 1146-1155.

  37. Howard, Barbara V., et al. "Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial." Jama 295.6 (2006): 655-666.

  38. Siri-Tarino, Patty W., et al. "Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease." The American journal of clinical nutrition (2010): ajcn-27725.

  39. De Lorgeril, Michel, and Patricia Salen. "New insights into the health effects of dietary saturated and omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." BMC medicine 10.1 (2012): 50.

  40. Li, Zhongxia, et al. "The opposite associations of long-chain versus very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids with mortality among patients with coronary artery disease." Heart (2014): heartjnl-2014.

  41. Frantz, Ivan D., et al. "Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 9.1 (1989): 129-135.

  42. Tedstone, Alison, and Vicki Pyne. "Public Health England endorses limiting saturated fat intake." (2013): f6850.

  43. Clifton, Peter. "We need more data before rejecting the saturated fat hypothesis." (2013): f6847.

  44. Yougang, Wang, and Wang Jing. "Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease." Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 28.3 (2013): 204-205.

  45. Campmans-Kuijpers, Marjo J., et al. "The association of substituting carbohydrates with total fat and different types of fatty acids with mortality and weight change among diabetes patients." Clinical Nutrition (2015).

  46. Hooper, Lee, et al. "Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6 (2015).

  47. Jakobsen, Marianne U., et al. "Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies." The American journal of clinical nutrition 89.5 (2009): 1425-1432.

  48. Ramsden, Christopher E., et al. "Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis." Bmj 346 (2013): e8707.

Carbohydrates

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  2. American Institute for Cancer Research, and World Cancer Research Fund, eds. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective: A Project of World Cancer Research Fund International. Washington, D.C: American Institute for Cancer Research, 2007.

  3. Anderson, James W., et al. "Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: a quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23.1 (2004): 5-17.

  4. Aune, Dagfinn, Teresa Norat, Pål Romundstad, and Lars J. Vatten. “Whole Grain and Refined Grain Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose–response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.” European Journal of Epidemiology 28, no. 11 (November 2013): 845–58. doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5.

  5. Bakel, M. M. E. van, N. Slimani, E. J. M. Feskens, H. Du, J. W. J. Beulens, Y. T. van der Schouw, F. Brighenti, et al. “Methodological Challenges in the Application of the Glycemic Index in Epidemiological Studies Using Data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.” Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 3 (January 21, 2009): 568–75. doi:10.3945/jn.108.097121.

  6. Barclay, Alan W., Peter Petocz, Joanna McMillan-Price, Victoria M. Flood, Tania Prvan, Paul Mitchell, and Jennie C. Brand-Miller. “Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Chronic Disease Risk—a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 3 (2008): 627–637.

  7. Beulens, Joline WJ, Leonie M. de Bruijne, Ronald P. Stolk, Petra HM Peeters, Michiel L. Bots, Diederick E. Grobbee, and Yvonne T. van der Schouw. “High Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic Index Increase Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Middle-Aged Women: A Population-Based Follow-up Study.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50, no. 1 (2007): 14–21.

  8. BRAND-MILLER, JeNNiE C. “Iniernalianal Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2008.” Diabetes Care 31, no. 12 (2008): 2281–2283.

  9. Burger, Koert N. J., Joline W. J. Beulens, Jolanda M. A. Boer, Annemieke M. W. Spijkerman, and Daphne L. van der A. “Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic Index and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Dutch Men and Women: The EPIC-MORGEN Study.” Edited by Andreas Schäfer. PLoS ONE 6, no. 10 (October 5, 2011): e25955. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025955.

  10. Campmans-Kuijpers, Marjo J., et al. "The association of substituting carbohydrates with total fat and different types of fatty acids with mortality and weight change among diabetes patients." Clinical Nutrition 35.5 (2016): 1096-1102.

  11. Chanson-Rolle, Aurelie, Alexandra Meynier, François Aubin, Jenni Lappi, Kaisa Poutanen, Sophie Vinoy, and Veronique Braesco. “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies to Support a Quantitative Recommendation for Whole Grain Intake in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes.” Edited by Noel Christopher Barengo. PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2015): e0131377. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131377.

  12. Chiu, Chung-Jung, Larry D. Hubbard, Jane Armstrong, Gail Rogers, Paul F. Jacques, Leo T. Chylack, Susan E. Hankinson, Walter C. Willett, and Allen Taylor. “Dietary Glycemic Index and Carbohydrate in Relation to Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 4 (2006): 880–886.

  13. Dong, Jia-Yi, Yong-Hong Zhang, Peiyu Wang, and Li-Qiang Qin. “Meta-Analysis of Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic Index in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.” The American Journal of Cardiology 109, no. 11 (June 2012): 1608–13. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.385.

  14. Dumesnil, Jean G., Jacques Turgeon, Angelo Tremblay, Paul Poirier, Marcel Gilbert, Louise Gagnon, Sylvie St-Pierra, et al. “Effect of a Low-Glycaemic Index–low-Fat–high Protein Diet on the Atherogenic Metabolic Risk Profile of Abdominally Obese Men.” British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 5 (November 2001): 557. doi:10.1079/BJN2001427.

  15. Eshak, E. S., H. Iso, K. Yamagishi, Y. Kokubo, I. Saito, H. Yatsuya, N. Sawada, M. Inoue, and S. Tsugane. “Rice Consumption Is Not Associated with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity or Mortality in Japanese Men and Women: A Large Population-Based, Prospective Cohort Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 199–207. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.079038.

  16. Fan, Jingyao, Yiqing Song, Yuyao Wang, Rutai Hui, and Weili Zhang. “Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Stroke Mortality: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.” Edited by Yi Ning. PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): e52182. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052182.

  17. Foster-Powell, Kaye, Susanna HA Holt, and Janette C. Brand-Miller. “International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2002.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, no. 1 (2002): 5–56.

  18. Glycemic Institute, University of Sydney, Australia. http://www.glycemicindex.com/

  19. Grant, William B. “Low-Fat, High-Sugar Diet and Lipoprotein Profiles.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 6 (1999): 1111–1112.

  20. Halton, Thomas L., Walter C. Willett, Simin Liu, JoAnn E. Manson, Christine M. Albert, Kathryn Rexrode, and Frank B. Hu. “Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women.” New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 19 (November 9, 2006): 1991–2002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055317.

  21. Halton, Thomas L., Walter C. Willett, Simin Liu, JoAnn E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, and Frank B. Hu. “Potato and French Fry Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 2 (2006): 284–290.

  22. Harris, Kristina A., and Penny M. Kris-Etherton. “Effects of Whole Grains on Coronary Heart Disease Risk.” Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12, no. 6 (November 2010): 368–76. doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0136-1.

  23. Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, The Nutrition Source. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/

  24. He, Feng J., and Graham A. MacGregor. “Salt and Sugar: Their Effects on Blood Pressure.” Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 467, no. 3 (March 2015): 577–86. doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1677-x.

  25. Hollaender, P. L., A. B. Ross, and M. Kristensen. “Whole-Grain and Blood Lipid Changes in Apparently Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 556–72. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.109165.

  26. Hu, E. A., A. Pan, V. Malik, and Q. Sun. “White Rice Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.” BMJ 344, no. mar15 3 (March 15, 2012): e1454–e1454. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1454.

  27. Jacobs, David R., Lene Frost Andersen, and Rune Blomhoff. “Whole-Grain Consumption Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Noncardiovascular, Noncancer Death Attributed to Inflammatory Diseases in the Iowa Women’s Health Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, no. 6 (2007): 1606–1614.

  28. Jacobs Jr, David R., et al. "Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: the Iowa women’s health study." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19.sup3 (2000): 326S-330S.

  29. Jacobs Jr, D. R., H. E. Meyer, and K. Solvoll. “Reduced Mortality among Whole Grain Bread Eaters in Men and Women in the Norwegian County Study.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 2 (2001): 137–143.

  30. Jacobs Jr, David R., et al. "Whole‐grain intake and cancer: An expanded review and meta‐analysis." Nutrition and cancer 30.2 (1998): 85-96.

  31. Jacobs, David R., et al. "Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study." The American journal of clinical nutrition 68.2 (1998): 248-257.

  32. Johnsen, Nina F., Kirsten Frederiksen, Jane Christensen, Guri Skeie, Eiliv Lund, Rikard Landberg, Ingegerd Johansson, et al. “Whole-Grain Products and Whole-Grain Types Are Associated with Lower All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Scandinavian HELGA Cohort.” British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 4 (August 2015): 608–23. doi:10.1017/S0007114515001701.

  33. Juanola-Falgarona, M., J. Salas-Salvado, N. Ibarrola-Jurado, A. Rabassa-Soler, A. Diaz-Lopez, M. Guasch-Ferre, P. Hernandez-Alonso, R. Balanza, and M. Bullo. “Effect of the Glycemic Index of the Diet on Weight Loss, Modulation of Satiety, Inflammation, and Other Metabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 27–35. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081216.

  34. Kelly, Sarah AM, et al. "Low glycaemic index diets for coronary heart disease." The Cochrane Library (2004).

  35. Khosravi-Boroujeni, Hossein, et al. "Potato consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Iranian population." International journal of food sciences and nutrition 63.8 (2012): 913-920.

  36. Li, S., A. Flint, J. K. Pai, J. P. Forman, F. B. Hu, W. C. Willett, K. M. Rexrode, K. J. Mukamal, and E. B. Rimm. “Dietary Fiber Intake and Mortality among Survivors of Myocardial Infarction: Prospective Cohort Study.” BMJ 348, no. apr28 8 (April 29, 2014): g2659–g2659. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2659.

  37. Li, Shanshan, Alan Flint, Jennifer K. Pai, John P. Forman, Frank B. Hu, Walter C. Willett, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Kenneth J. Mukamal, and Eric B. Rimm. “Low Carbohydrate Diet from Plant or Animal Sources and Mortality among Myocardial Infarction Survivors.” Journal of the American Heart Association 3, no. 5 (2014): e001169.

  38. Lima, Sílvia Tereza Rodrigues Moreira, Bárbara da Silva Nalin de Souza, Ana Karina Teixeira França, Natalino Salgado Filho, and Rosely Sichieri. “Dietary Approach to Hypertension Based on Low Glycaemic Index and Principles of DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension): A Randomised Trial in a Primary Care Service.” British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 8 (October 2013): 1472–79. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000718.

  39. Liu, Simin, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, Walter C. Willett, and Julie E. Buring. “Is Intake of Breakfast Cereals Related to Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Men?” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, no. 3 (2003): 594–599.

  40. Liu, Simin, Meir J. Stampfer, Frank B. Hu, Edward Giovannucci, Eric Rimm, JoAnn E. Manson, Charles H. Hennekens, and Walter C. Willett. “Whole-Grain Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Results from the Nurses’ Health Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 3 (1999): 412–419.

  41. Livesey, G., R. Taylor, H. Livesey, and S. Liu. “Is There a Dose-Response Relation of Dietary Glycemic Load to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes? Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 584–96. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.041467.

  42. Ma, Yunsheng, et al. "Single-component versus multicomponent dietary goals for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial." Annals of internal medicine 162.4 (2015): 248-257.

  43. Macdonald, Ian A. “Dietary Strategies for the Management of Cardiovascular Risk: Role of Dietary Carbohydrates.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 2 (May 2014): 167–71. doi:10.1017/S0029665114000032.

  44. Maki, Kevin C., Tia M. Rains, Valerie N. Kaden, Kathleen R. Raneri, and Michael H. Davidson. “Effects of a Reduced-Glycemic-Load Diet on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, no. 3 (2007): 724–734.

  45. Mellen, Philip B., Thomas F. Walsh, and David M. Herrington. "Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis." Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 18.4 (2008): 283-290.

  46. Mirrahimi, A., R. J. de Souza, L. Chiavaroli, J. L. Sievenpiper, J. Beyene, A. J. Hanley, L. S. A. Augustin, C. W. C. Kendall, and D. J. A. Jenkins. “Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohorts.” Journal of the American Heart Association 1, no. 5 (October 12, 2012): e000752–e000752. doi:10.1161/JAHA.112.000752.

  47. Munter, Jeroen SL de, Frank B. Hu, Donna Spiegelman, Mary Franz, and Rob M. van Dam. “Whole Grain, Bran, and Germ Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study and Systematic Review.” PLoS Med 4, no. 8 (2007): e261.

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  49. Nagata, Chisato, Keiko Wada, Michiko Tsuji, Toshiaki Kawachi, and Kozue Nakamura. “Dietary Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load in Relation to All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Japanese Community: The Takayama Study.” British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 12 (December 2014): 2010–17. doi:10.1017/S0007114514003109.

  50. Nakamura, Yasuyuki, Nagako Okuda, Tomonori Okamura, Aya Kadota, Naoko Miyagawa, Takehito Hayakawa, Yoshikuni Kita, et al. “Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Cardiovascular and Total Mortality in Japanese: A 29-Year Follow-up of NIPPON DATA80.” British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 6 (September 2014): 916–24. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001627.

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