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STUDY TYPES & ANALYTICS

Study Types & Evidence Levels

Guide to Evidence Based Practice from Duke University

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Wikipedia

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Harvard School of Public Health

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Analytics

Wikipedia Statistical Significance

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Wikipedia p-value

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NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES

US Office of Disease Prevention & Health Promotion

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US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

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World Health Organization (WHO)

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WHO Red Meat Q&A

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I have mixed feelings about placing guidelines on my site because overall I think organizations have done a very poor job of educating, marketing & promoting nutritional guidelines that are understandable & easy to follow.

CITATIONS

Red Meat & Colon Cancer

  1. Willett, Walter C., et al. "Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women." New England Journal of Medicine 323.24 (1990): 1664-1672.

  2. Bostick, Roberd M., et al. "Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States)." Cancer Causes & Control 5.1 (1994): 38-52.

  3. Kato, Ikuko, et al. "Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study." (1997): 276-281.

  4. Järvinen, R., et al. "Dietary fat, cholesterol and colorectal cancer in a prospective study." British journal of cancer 85.3 (2001): 357.

  5. Fraser, Gary E. "Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists." The American journal of clinical nutrition 70.3 (1999): 532s-538s.

  6. Chen, Jia, et al. "A prospective study of N-acetyltransferase genotype, red meat intake, and risk of colorectal cancer." Cancer research 58.15 (1998): 3307-3311.

  7. Wei, Esther K., et al. "Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer." International journal of cancer 108.3 (2004): 433-442.

  8. Tiemersma, Edine W., et al. "Meat consumption, cigarette smoking, and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of colorectal cancer: results from a Dutch prospective study." Cancer Causes & Control 13.4 (2002): 383-393.

  9. Singh, Pramil N., and Gary E. Fraser. "Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population." American Journal of Epidemiology 148.8 (1998): 761-774.

  10. Giovannucci, Edward, et al. "Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men." Cancer research 54.9 (1994): 2390-2397.

  11. Larsson, Susanna C., et al. "Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: the Swedish Mammography Cohort." International journal of cancer 113.5 (2005): 829-834.

  12. Norat, Teresa, et al. "Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition." Journal of the national cancer institute 97.12 (2005): 906-916.

  13. Pietinen, Pirjo, et al. "Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men." Cancer Causes & Control 10.5 (1999): 387-396.

  14. English, Dallas R., et al. "Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 13.9 (2004): 1509-1514.

  15. Smolinska, Katarzyna, and Piotr Paluszkiewicz. "Risk of colorectal cancer in relation to frequency and total amount of red meat consumption. Systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of Medical Science 6.4 (2010): 605-610.

  16. Bastide, Nadia M., Fabrice HF Pierre, and Denis E. Corpet. "Heme iron from meat and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and a review of the mechanisms involved." Cancer prevention research 4.2 (2011): 177-184.

  17. Egeberg, Rikke, et al. "Associations between red meat and risks for colon and rectal cancer depend on the type of red meat consumed." The Journal of nutrition 143.4 (2013): 464-472.

  18. Hjartåker, Anette, et al. "Subsite-specific dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer: a review of cohort studies." Journal of oncology 2013 (2013).

  19. McCullough, Marjorie L., et al. "Association between red and processed meat intake and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013): JCO-2013.

  20. Chan, D. S., et al. "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies." PloS one 6.6 (2011): e20456.

Red Meat, Breast Cancer & Other Cancers

  1. De Stefani, Eduardo, et al. "Meat intake, heterocyclic amines, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 6.8 (1997): 573-581.

  2. Missmer, Stacey A., et al. "Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies." International journal of epidemiology 31.1 (2002): 78-85.

  3. Cho, Eunyoung, et al. "Red meat intake and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women." Archives of internal medicine 166.20 (2006): 2253-2259.

  4. Steck, Susan E., et al. "Cooked meat and risk of breast cancer—lifetime versus recent dietary intake." Epidemiology 18.3 (2007): 373-382.

  5. Pala, Valeria, et al. "Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort." The American journal of clinical nutrition 90.3 (2009): 602-612.

  6. Ferrucci, L. M., et al. "Intake of meat, meat mutagens, and iron and the risk of breast cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial." British journal of cancer 101.1 (2009): 178-184.

  7. Alexander, Dominik D., et al. "A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer." Nutrition research reviews 23.02 (2010): 349-365.

  8. Genkinger, Jeanine M., et al. "Consumption of dairy and meat in relation to breast cancer risk in the Black Women’s Health Study." Cancer Causes & Control 24.4 (2013): 675-684.

  9. Farvid, Maryam S., et al. "Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence: prospective cohort study." BMJ 348 (2014).

  10. Marmot, Michael, et al. "Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective." (2007).

  11. Update: World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 2007

Red Meat & Heart Disease

  1. Pan, An, et al. "Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies." Archives of internal medicine 172.7 (2012): 555-563.

  2. Larsson, Susanna C., and Nicola Orsini. "Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis." American journal of epidemiology (2013): kwt261.

  3. Haring, Bernhard, et al. "Dietary Protein Intake and Coronary Heart Disease in a Large Community Based Cohort: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." (2014): e109552.

  4. Abete, Itziar, et al. "Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 112.05 (2014): 762-775.

  5. Kaluza, Joanna, Agneta Åkesson, and Alicja Wolk. "Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure Prospective Study of Men." Circulation: Heart Failure 7.4 (2014): 552-557.

  6. Wang, Xia, et al. "Red and processed meat consumption and mortality: dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies." Public health nutrition (2015): 1-13.

  7. Lippi, Giuseppe, Camilla Mattiuzzi, and Fabian Sanchis Gomar. "Red meat consumption and ischemic heart disease. A systematic literature review." Meat Science (2015).

  8. Tuso, Phillip, Scott R. Stoll, and William W. Li. "A plant-based diet, atherogenesis, and coronary artery disease prevention." The Permanente Journal 19.1 (2015): 62.

Nuts

  1. Sabate, Joan, et al. "Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men." New England Journal of Medicine 328.9 (1993): 603-607.

  2. Sauder, Katherine A., et al. "Effects of pistachios on the lipid/lipoprotein profile, glycemic control, inflammation, and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial." Metabolism 64.11 (2015): 1521-1529.

  3. Banel, Deirdre K., and Frank B. Hu. "Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review." The American journal of clinical nutrition 90.1 (2009): 56-63.

  4. Rajaram, Sujatha, et al. "A monounsaturated fatty acid–rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women." The Journal of nutrition 131.9 (2001): 2275-2279.Curb, J. David, et al. "Serum lipid effects of a high–monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts." Archives of Internal Medicine 160.8 (2000): 1154-1158.

  5. Spiller, Gene A., et al. "Nuts and plasma lipids: an almond-based diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17.3 (1998): 285-290.

  6. Sabaté, Joan, Keiji Oda, and Emilio Ros. "Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials." Archives of internal medicine 170.9 (2010): 821-827.

  7. Sabaté, Joan, et al. "Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial." The American journal of clinical nutrition 77.6 (2003): 1379-1384.

  8. Jamshed, Humaira, and Anwar H. Gilani. "Almonds Inhibit Dyslipidemia and Vascular Dysfunction in Rats through Multiple Pathways." The Journal of nutrition 144.11 (2014): 1768-1774.

  9. Berryman, Claire E., et al. "Effects of Daily Almond Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk and Abdominal Adiposity in Healthy Adults With Elevated LDL‐Cholesterol: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Heart Association 4.1 (2015): e000993.

  10. Lovejoy, Jennifer C., et al. "Effect of diets enriched in almonds on insulin action and serum lipids in adults with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes." The American journal of clinical nutrition 76.5 (2002): 1000-1006.

  11. Li, Sing-Chung, et al. "Almond consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Metabolism 60.4 (2011): 474-479.

  12. Jenkins, David JA, et al. "Effect of almonds on insulin secretion and insulin resistance in nondiabetic hyperlipidemic subjects: a randomized controlled crossover trial." Metabolism 57.7 (2008): 882-887.

  13. Wien, M. A., et al. "Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program." International journal of obesity 27.11 (2003): 1365-1372.

  14. Jackson, Chandra L., and Frank B. Hu. "Long-term associations of nut consumption with body weight and obesity." The American journal of clinical nutrition 100.Supplement 1 (2014): 408S-411S.

  15. Foster, Gary D., et al. "A randomized trial of the effects of an almond-enriched, hypocaloric diet in the treatment of obesity." The American journal of clinical nutrition 96.2 (2012): 249-254.

  16. Tan, S. Y., and R. D. Mattes. "Appetitive, dietary and health effects of almonds consumed with meals or as snacks: a randomized, controlled trial." European journal of clinical nutrition 67.11 (2013): 1205-1214.

  17. Abazarfard, Zohreh, Mousa Salehi, and Sareh Keshavarzi. "The effect of almonds on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program: A randomized controlled clinical trial." Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 19.5 (2014): 457.

  18. Vinson, Joe A., and Yuxing Cai. "Nuts, especially walnuts, have both antioxidant quantity and efficacy and exhibit significant potential health benefits." Food & function 3.2 (2012): 134-140.

  19. Rajaram, Sujatha, Kristianne M. Connell, and Joan Sabaté. "Effect of almond-enriched high-monounsaturated fat diet on selected markers of inflammation: a randomised, controlled, crossover study." British journal of nutrition 103.06 (2010): 907-912.

  20. Poulose, Shibu M., Marshall G. Miller, and Barbara Shukitt-Hale. "Role of walnuts in maintaining brain health with age." The journal of nutrition 144.4 (2014): 561S-566S.

  21. Bolling, Bradley W., et al. "Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts." Nutrition research reviews 24.02 (2011): 244-275.

  22. Davis, Paul A., et al. "Tree nut and peanut consumption in relation to chronic and metabolic diseases including allergy." The Journal of nutrition 138.9 (2008): 1757S-1762S.

  23. Ellsworth, J. L., L. H. Kushi, and A. R. Folsom. "Frequent nut intake and risk of death from coronary heart disease and all causes in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study." Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases: NMCD 11.6 (2001): 372-377.

  24. Albert, Christine M., et al. "Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians' Health Study." Archives of Internal Medicine 162.12 (2002): 1382-1387.

  25. Hshieh, Tammy T., et al. "Nut consumption and risk of mortality in the Physicians’ Health Study." The American journal of clinical nutrition 101.2 (2015): 407-412.

  26. Bao, Ying, et al. "Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality." New England Journal of Medicine 369.21 (2013): 2001-2011.

  27. Lim, Stephen S., et al. "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010." The lancet 380.9859 (2013): 2224-2260.

Fruits & Vegetables

  1. Davis, Matthew A., Julie PW Bynum, and Brenda E. Sirovich. "Association Between Apple Consumption and Physician Visits: Appealing the Conventional Wisdom That an Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." JAMA internal medicine 175.5 (2015): 777-783.

  2. Lim, Stephen S., et al. "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010." The lancet 380.9859 (2013): 2224-2260.

  3. Moore, Latetia V., and Frances E. Thompson. "Adults Meeting Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations—United States, 2013." MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 64.26 (2015): 709-713.

  4.  “State of the Plate, 2015 Study on America’s Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables,” Produce for a Better Health Foundation, 2015.

  5. Steffen, Lyn M., et al. "Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 383-390.

  6. Genkinger, Jeanine M., et al. "Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intake and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in a community-dwelling population in Washington County, Maryland." American journal of epidemiology 160.12 (2004): 1223-1233.

  7. Agudo, Antonio, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain)." The American journal of clinical nutrition 85.6 (2007): 1634-1642.

  8. Okuda, Nagako, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japan: a 24-year follow-up of the NIPPON DATA80 Study." European journal of clinical nutrition (2015).

  9. Leenders, Max, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake and cause-specific mortality in the EPIC study." European journal of epidemiology 29.9 (2014): 639-652.

  10. Oyebode, Oyinlola, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality: analysis of Health Survey for England data."Journal of epidemiology and community health (2014): jech-2013.

  11. Leenders, Max, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition." American journal of epidemiology (2013): kwt006.

  12. Aasheim, Erlend T., et al. "Tinned Fruit Consumption and Mortality in Three Prospective Cohorts." PloS one 10.2 (2015).

  13. Stefler, Denes, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality in Eastern Europe: Longitudinal results from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe study." European journal of preventive cardiology (2015): 2047487315582320.

  14. Nöthlings, Ute, et al. "Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population." The Journal of nutrition 138.4 (2008): 775-781.

  15. Lai, Heidi Tsz Mung, et al. "Fruit intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in the UK Women’s Cohort Study." European journal of epidemiology 30.9 (2015): 1035-1048.

  16. Tucker, Katherine L., et al. "The combination of high fruit and vegetable and low saturated fat intakes is more protective against mortality in aging men than is either alone: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging." The Journal of nutrition 135.3 (2005): 556-561.

  17. Crowe, Francesca L., et al. "Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Heart study." European Heart Journal 32.10 (2011): 1235-1243.

  18. Wang, Xia, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies." bmj 349 (2014): g4490.

  19. Crowe, Francesca L. "Fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality." Evidence Based Medicine(2014): ebmed-2014.

  20. Marmot, Michael, et al. "Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective." (2007).

  21. Williams, Paul T. "Lower risk of Alzheimer's disease mortality with exercise, statin, and fruit intake." Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 44.4 (2015): 1121-1129.

  22. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. "Dried plums and their products: composition and health effects–an updated review." Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 53.12 (2013): 1277-1302.

  23. Liu, Rui Hai. "Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals." The American journal of clinical nutrition 78.3 (2003): 517S-520S.

  24. Anderson, J. W., and S. R. Bridges. "Dietary fiber content of selected foods." The American journal of clinical nutrition 47.3 (1988): 440-447.

  25. Conlin, Paul R., et al. "The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial." American journal of hypertension 13.9 (2000): 949-955.

  26. Atkinson, Fiona S., Kaye Foster-Powell, and Jennie C. Brand-Miller. "International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008."Diabetes care 31.12 (2008): 2281-2283.

 

Coffee

  1. Crippa, Alessio, et al. "Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis."American journal of epidemiology (2014): kwu194.

  2. O'Keefe, James H., et al. "Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality."Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62.12 (2013): 1043-1051.

  3. Kim, Soo Young. "Coffee Consumption and Risk of Osteoporosis." Korean journal of family medicine 35.1 (2014): 1-1.

  4. Hallström, Helena, et al. "Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in a cohort of Swedish women." Osteoporosis international 17.7 (2006): 1055-1064.

  5. Yang, Pei, et al. "Associations between frequency of coffee consumption and osteoporosis in Chinese postmenopausal women." International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 8.9 (2015): 15958.

  6. Engstrom, Krysthel. "Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: What Should We Tell Our Patients?." Editorial Staff (2015): 34.

  7. Yudko, Errol, and Shannon Irena McNiece. "Relationship Between Coffee Use and Depression and Anxiety in a Population of Adult Polysubstance Abusers." Journal of addiction medicine 8.6 (2014): 438-442.

  8. Saito, Eiko, et al. "Association of coffee intake with total and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study." The American journal of clinical nutrition (2015): ajcn104273.

  9. Freedman, Neal D., et al. "Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality." New England Journal of Medicine 366.20 (2012): 1891-1904.

  10. Je, Youjin, and Edward Giovannucci. "Coffee consumption and total mortality: a meta-analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 111.07 (2014): 1162-1173.

  11. Malerba, Stefano, et al. "A meta-analysis of prospective studies of coffee consumption and mortality for all causes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases." European journal of epidemiology 28.7 (2013): 527-539.

  12. Liu, Junxiu, et al. "Association of coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality." Mayo clinic proceedings. Vol. 88. No. 10. Elsevier, 2013.

  13. Löf, Marie, et al. "Prospective study of coffee consumption and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in Swedish women." European journal of epidemiology 30.9 (2015): 1027-1034.

  14. van Dusseldorp, Marijke, et al. "Effect of decaffeinated versus regular coffee on blood pressure. A 12-week, double-blind trial." Hypertension 14.5 (1989): 563-569.

  15. Ding, Ming, et al. "Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis." Diabetes care 37.2 (2014): 569-586.

  16. Huxley, Rachel, et al. "Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis." Archives of internal medicine 169.22 (2009): 2053-2063.

  17. McCusker, Rachel R., et al. "Caffeine content of decaffeinated coffee."Journal of analytical toxicology 30.8 (2006): 611-613.

  18. Jiang, Xiubo, Dongfeng Zhang, and Wenjie Jiang. "Coffee and caffeine intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective studies." European journal of nutrition 53.1 (2014): 25-38.

  19. Jiang, Wenjie, Yili Wu, and Xiubo Jiang. "Coffee and caffeine intake and breast cancer risk: an updated dose–response meta-analysis of 37 published studies." Gynecologic oncology 129.3 (2013): 620-629.

  20. Muley, Arti, Prasad Muley, and Monali Shah. "Coffee to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?: a systematic review." Current diabetes reviews 8.3 (2012): 162-168.

  21. Mostofsky, Elizabeth, et al. "Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure a dose-response meta-analysis." Circulation: Heart Failure 5.4 (2012): 401-405.

  22. Ding, Ming, et al. "Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies." Circulation (2013): CIRCULATIONAHA-113.

  23. Mesas, Arthur Eumann, et al. "The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The American journal of clinical nutrition (2011): ajcn-016667.

  24. Je, Youjin, and Edward Giovannucci. "Coffee consumption and total mortality: a meta-analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 111.07 (2014): 1162-1173.

  25. Gómez-Ruiz JA, Leake DS, Ames JM. In vitro antioxidant activity of coffee compounds and their metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:6962-9. [Erratum, J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:8284.]

  26. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Qi L, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:888-93.

  27. Arion WJ, Canfield WK, Ramos FC, et al. Chlorogenic acid and hydroxynitrobenzaldehyde: new inhibitors of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997;339:315-22.

  28. Huxley R, Lee CM, Barzi F, et al. Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:2053-63.

  29. Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction: report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Lancet 1972;2:1278-81.

  30. Jick H, Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Shapiro S, Heinonen OP, Slone D. Coffee and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1973;289:63-7.

  31. Jee SH, He J, Appel LJ, et al. Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:353-62.

  32. Noordzij M, Uiterwaal CS, Arends LR, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2005;23:921-8.

  33. Hartley TR, Lovallo WR, Whitsett TL. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(8):1022–1026.

  34. Rebello SA, van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health: getting to the heart of the matter. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013;15(10):403.

  35. van Dam RM, Feskens EJM. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 2002;360(9344):1477–1478.

  36. Kempf K, Herder C, Erlund I, et al. Effects of coffee consumption on subclinical inflammation and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):950–957.

  37. Yu X, Bao Z, Zou J, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of cancers: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:96.

  38. Liu H, Yao K, Zhang W, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:776–783

  39. Parras, P., et al. "Antioxidant capacity of coffees of several origins brewed following three different procedures." Food chemistry 102.3 (2007): 582-592.

  40. Niseteo, Tena, et al. "Bioactive composition and antioxidant potential of different commonly consumed coffee brews affected by their preparation technique and milk addition." Food chemistry 134.4 (2012): 1870-1877.

  41. Sánchez-González, I., A. Jiménez-Escrig, and F. Saura-Calixto. "In vitro antioxidant activity of coffees brewed using different procedures (Italian, espresso and filter)." Food Chemistry 90.1 (2005): 133-139.

  42. Delgado-Andrade, Cristina, José A. Rufián-Henares, and Francisco J. Morales. "Assessing the antioxidant activity of melanoidins from coffee brews by different antioxidant methods." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53.20 (2005): 7832-7836.

Tea

  1. Bhatti, Salman K., James H. O’Keefe, and Carl J. Lavie. "Coffee and tea: perks for health and longevity?." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 16.6 (2013): 688-697.

  2. Watanabe, Yoshiyuki, et al. "Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women." (2009).

  3. Wolfram, Swen. "Effects of green tea and EGCG on cardiovascular and metabolic health." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26.4 (2007): 373S-388S.

  4. Saito, Eiko, et al. "Association of green tea consumption with mortality due to all causes and major causes of death in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study)." Annals of epidemiology (2015).

  5. Hartley, Louise, et al. "Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6.6 (2013).

  6. Liu, Kai, et al. "Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials." The American journal of clinical nutrition 98.2 (2013): 340-348.

  7. Cabrera, Carmen, Reyes Artacho, and Rafael Giménez. "Beneficial effects of green tea—a review." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25.2 (2006): 79-99.

  8. Yarmolinsky, James, Giorgia Gon, and Phil Edwards. "Effect of tea on blood pressure for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Nutrition Reviews73.4 (2015): 236-246.

  9. Liu, Gang, et al. "Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials." British Journal of Nutrition 112.07 (2014): 1043-1054.

  10. Onakpoya, I., et al. "The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials."Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 24.8 (2014): 823-836.

  11. Bøhn, Siv K., et al. "Effects of tea and coffee on cardiovascular disease risk." Food & function 3.6 (2012): 575-591.

  12. Zhang, Chi, et al. "Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies." European journal of epidemiology 30.2 (2014): 103-113.

Saturated Fat

  1. Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A. Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart

  2. Mozaffarian, D., R. Micha, and S. Wallace, Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med, 2010. 7(3): p. e1000252.

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